Manganese

Summary and recommendations for further studies

Summary

Analytical methods

Sources and pathways of exposure

Essentiality of manganese

Magnitude of environmental exposure

Metabolism

Effects on experimental animals

Effects on man

Recommendations for further studies

Analytical methods

Environmental exposure

Metabolism

Experimental animal studies

Epidemiological and clinical studies in man

Properties and analytical methods

Chemical and physical properties of manganese and its compounds

Sampling and analysis

Collection and preparation of samples

Separation and concentration

Methods for quantitative determination

Sources of manganese in the environment

Natural occurrence

Industrial production and consumption

Environmental levels and exposure

Air

Water

Soil

Food

Total exposure from environmental media

Transport and distribution in environmental media

Photochemical and thermal reactions in the lower atmosphere

Decomposition in fresh water and seawater

Atmospheric washout and rainfall

Run-off into fresh water and sea water

Microbiological utilization in soils

Uptake by soil and plants

Bioconcentration

Organic manganese fuel additives

Metabolism of manganese

Absorption

Distribution

Biological indicators of manganese exposure

Elimination

Biological half-times

Manganese deficiency

Metabolic role of manganese

Manganese deficiency and requirements in man

Manganese deficiency in animals

Experimental studies on the effects of manganese

Median lethal dose

Effects on specific organs and systems

Effects on reproduction

Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and chromosomal abnormalities

Miscellaneous effects

Toxicity of organic manganese fuel additives

Mechanisms and toxic effects

human epidemiological and clinical studies

Occupational exposure and health effects

General population exposure and health effects

Clinical studies

Susceptibility to manganese poisoning

Interaction

Evaluation of the health risks to man from exposure to manganese and its compounds

Relative contributions of air, food and water to total intake

Manganese requirements and deficiency

Effects in relation to exposure

Organomanganese compounds

Conclusions and recommendations

Inglés